Amirkida Doktur Ashti Bolush

Memet Emin

Amirkining Doktur Ashti (Post-doc) Tuzimi

Amirkida tibbi penler boyiche dokturluq (MD yaki PhD) unwani alghan oqughuchilar bolupmu kelguside tetqiqat we yaki oqu-oqutush ishliri bilen shughullunushni mexset qilghan oqughuchilar kelgusige asas silish uchun, aldin bilen birer tibbi tetqiqat ornida post-doc bolup ishleydu. Adette post-docning waxti oxshash bir tetqiqat ornida eng kop bolghanda 3 yil bolup, bezide orun almashqandin kiyin yene 3 yil post-doc bolghuli bolidu, biraq post-docqa birilidighan muhash nisbeten towen bolghanlighi uchun, kopunche post-doc bolghanlar bir qarar yeni 3 yil post-doc bolghandin kiyin resmi xizmet tipishning yolini qilidu. Post-doc bolghanlar adette birer projekitni choridigen halda mexsus tetqiqat ilip birip, shu sahade muntizim terbilinidu (get a special training in a specific field).

Amirkidiki Tibbi Tetqiqat Orunlirining Qisqiche Exwali

Tibbi penler boyiche post-doc bolghanlar adette tetqiqat tejirbixanlirida (research lab) tetqiqat ilip baridighan bolup, bu tejirbexanilar 3 xil oxshimighan turdiki tejirbixanilarni oz ichige alidu. Birinjisi Amirkining her qaysi shitat we sheherlirige tarqalghan shexsi we hokumetning universitliridiki tibbi tetqiqat tejirbixaniliri bolup, bu xildiki tejirbixanilar Amirkidiki tibbi tetqiqat tejirbixanilarning mutleq kop qismini igelleydu. Ikkinjisi Amirka Fediral Hokumetning tibbi tetqiqat tejirbixaniliri bolup, bu asasliqi Amirkining Dowletlik Saqliqni Saqlash Inistityuti (National Institute of Health or NIH) qarmighidiki tejirbixanilarni oz ichige alidu. Uchinjisi Amirkidiki ximiye, dora we tibbi uskuniler shirketliri qarmighidiki tetqiqat tejirbixanilardin ibaret.

Yuqarqi uch hil tejirbixanilar ichide, aldinqi ikki xildiki tejirbixanilar asasen Amirka hokumitining Dowletlik Saqliqni Saqlash Inistityuti (National Institute of Health or NIH) din alghan tetqiqat hirajitige (research grant) tayinip tetqiqat ilip baridighan bolup, ixtizadi kirim kelturmeydighan orunlar hisaplinidu. Ularning tetqiqat netijisidin putun jemiyet heqsiz paydilinidu. Bu tejirbixanilarning tetqiqat xirajiti cheklik bolghanlighi uchun, post-doclargha we bashqa xizmetchilirige biridighan muhashi nisbeten towen, shunga kirish nisbeten asan. Bu xildiki tejirbexanilarda tetqiqat ilip baridighanlarning kop qismi dunyda eng dangliq bolghan tibbi tetqiqatchilar we alimlar bolup, ozlirini tibbi tetqiqat ishliri uchun bighishliwetkenler. Tarixta tibbi penler boyiche Nobul Mukapatigha irishken Amirkiliq tibbi alimlarning mutleq kop qismi mushu xildiki tibbi tetqiqat tejirbexanilarda tetqiqat ilip barghanlar bolup, ularning kop qismi pul uchun emes belki xizmetke bolghan qizghinilighi uchun bu xil xizmetlerni tallighanlar.

Shirket qarmighidiki tibbi tetqiqat tejirbixanilarning tetqiqat xirajitining kop qismi shirkettin  biwaste kilidighan bolup, ular nisbeten ixtizadi kirim kelturidighan orunlar hisaplinidu. Ularning tetqiqat netijisi kopunche hallarda silinghan meblixidin nechche hesse yuquri payda kelturidu. Shunga xizmetchilirige biridighan muhash olchimi nisbeten yuquri, riqabet kuchluk bolup kirish nisbeten sel qiyin.

Amirkidiki tibbi tetqiqat tejirbixanilarning chong kichikligi shu tejirbixanining bashliqi bolghan porappisurning NIH din alghan tetqiqat xirajitining az kopligi bilen biwaste munasiwetlik bolup, adette her bir tejirbixanida 3 tin 20 ge qeder adem ishleydu. Kopunche tejirbexanilarda 6, 7 adem bolidu. Bularning ichide adette yirimi digudek post-doc bolup, qalghanliri Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor, Research Scientist, Associate Research Scientist, Research Assistant, Technician qatarliqlarni oz ichige alidu. Bir tejirbixanida bularning hemmisining bolushi sherit emes, biraq kem digende bir yaki birdin yuquri  Professor yaki Associate Professor bolushi kirek.

Amirkida tetqiqat tejirbixanilar gerche musteqqil organ bolmisimu, biraq adem ilishta, shu tejirbixana bashliqi bolghan porappisur toluq hoquqqa ige. Tejirbexanigha adem ilishta yuqurning testiqini ilish hajetsiz. Ular ozige yarighan herqandaq ademni ishlitishke hoquqluq. Bu porappisurlar eger birer seweptin bashqa orungha yotkilep ketmekchi bolsa, ozige tewe bolghan tetqiqat xirajitini birge ilip kiteleydu.


Tibbi Penler Boyiche Docturluq Unwani Alghanlarning Amirkigha Kilip Post-Doc Bolushta Hazirlashqa Tigishlik Sheritler

Amirkigha kilip post-doc (博士后) bolush uchun, aldi bilen miditsina saheside dokturluq unwani (MD, Doctor of Medicine, 医学博士) ilish, yaki bolmisa Biochemistry  (生物化学), Biology(生物学), Genetics (遗传学), Histology (组织学), Immunology  (免疫学),  Microbiology  (微生物学), Bacteriology ( 细菌学), Virology  ( 病毒学), Molecular Biology   (分子生物学), Molecular Biophysics  (分子生物物理学), Pathology  ( 病理学) , Pathophysiology ( 病理生理学), Pharmacology   (药理学), Physiology   (生理学) qatarliq penler boyiche dokturluq (PhD) unwani ilish kirek.

Amirkigha kilip Post-doc bolush uchun Engilizchide belguluk sewiyege yitish kirek. Post-doc bolush uchun gerche TOEFL imtahani telep qilinmisimu, biraq viza ilishta we kelgusi xizmet jeryanida Engiliz tili kem bolsa bolmaydighan muhim waste bolup, belguluk sewiyege yetmigenlerning viza alalishi we kelgusi xizmetning hoddisidin chiqishi qiyin.

Amirkigha kilip Post-doc bolush uchun towendiki texnikilarning kop qismi bilen, hich bolmighanda bir qismi bilen tonush bolush kirek.

1. Laboratory Routines: Such as making molar solution (buffer); pH, osmolarity measurement; cell culture including cell throw, cell subculture, and cell freeze; using different kind of microscopy; etc.
2. Working with animal: mostly mouse, rat and rabbit.
3. Electrophoresis: A process by which molecules (such as proteins, DNA, or RNA fragments) can be separated according to size and electrical charge by applying an electric current to them. Each kind of molecule travels through the medium at a different rate, depending on its electrical charge and molecular size.
4. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA): a sensitive method for serodiagnosis of specific infectious diseases; an in vitro competitive binding assay in which an enzyme and its substrate serve as the indicator system rather than a radioactive substance; in positive tests, the two yield a colored or other easily recognizable substance; tests are made in wells in polystyrene or other material to which immunoglobulins or antigenic (viral or other) preparations readily adsorb; the enzyme is linked to known immunoglobulin (or antigen) and in positive tests remains in the well as part of the antigen-antibody complex available to react with its substrate when added.
5. Flow Cytometry: A method of measuring fluorescence from stained cells that are in suspension and flowing through a narrow orifice, usually in combination with one or two lasers to activate the dyes; used to measure cell size, number, viability, and nucleic acid content with the aid of acridine orange, Kasten's fluorescent Feulgen stain, ethidium bromide, trypan blue, and other selected staining reagents
6. Gene transfer -- incorporation of new DNA into and organism's cells, usually by a vector such as a modified virus.
7. Immunofluorescence Staining: Using specific primary antibody and secondary antibody conjugated fluorescence dye to label certain protein or receptor of the cells.
8. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): is the process of detection of antigens in tissue using antibodies. The antibodies can be polyclonal or monoclonal in origin, the monoclonal ones being more specific in nature. Immunohistochemistry is widely used for diagnosis of cancers.
9. Immunoprecipitation (IP) -- the phenomenon of aggregation of sensitized antigen upon addition of specific antibody (precipitin) to antigen in solution.
10. Immunoelectrophoresis: A kind of precipitin test in which the components of one group of immunological reactants (usually a mixture of antigens) are first separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility in agar or other medium, the separated components then being identified, by means of the technique of double diffusion, on the basis of precipitates formed by reaction with components of the other group of reactants (antibodies)
11. Northern blotting analysis -- a technique for transferring electrophoretically resolved RNA segments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter paper sheet via capillary action.
12. Southern blotting analysis -- a technique for transferring electrophoretically resolved DNA segments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter paper sheet via capillary action; the DNA segment of interest is probed with a radioactive, complementary nucleic acid and its position is determined by autoradiography.
13. Western blotting analysis -- a technique used to identify a specific protein; the probe is a radioactively labeled antibody raised against the protein in question.
14. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -- a technique for copying the complementary strands of a target DNA molecule simultaneously for a series of cycles until the desired amount is obtained.
15. Data Analysis: Using computerized data analysis system to analysis experimental data.